Jawabannya perlu dibedakan antara perintah salat dalam Al-Qur’an dan rincian lima waktu salat dalam Sunnah Nabi ﷺ.
1. Al-Qur’an tidak menyebut satu ayat dengan kalimat “salat wajib lima waktu”
Tidak ada ayat yang secara eksplisit berbunyi:
“Salat wajib itu lima waktu: Subuh, Zuhur, Asar, Magrib, dan Isya.”
Namun, Al-Qur’an menyebut waktu-waktu salat dalam beberapa ayat. Para ulama kemudian menjelaskan bahwa keseluruhan petunjuk tersebut berkaitan dengan lima waktu salat, dan tata cara serta jumlah rakaatnya dijelaskan oleh Nabi ﷺ.
2. Subuh — QS. Al-Isra: 78
Allah berfirman:
وَقُرْآنَ الْفَجْرِ
yang berkaitan dengan “salat Subuh”.
QS. Al-Isra ayat 78 menyebut:
“…dan (dirikanlah pula) salat Subuh. Sesungguhnya salat Subuh itu disaksikan.”
Jadi, Subuh disebut secara jelas dalam ayat tersebut.
3. Zuhur dan Asar — QS. Al-Isra: 78
Ayat yang sama mengatakan:
“Dirikanlah salat dari sesudah matahari tergelincir sampai gelap malam…”
Frasa “sesudah matahari tergelincir” (duluk asy-syams) dipahami dalam tafsir sebagai mencakup waktu salat yang dimulai setelah matahari tergelincir, yaitu Zuhur, dan rentang waktunya berkaitan dengan Asar hingga mendekati malam.
4. Magrib dan Isya — QS. Hud: 114
Allah berfirman:
“Dan dirikanlah salat itu pada kedua tepi siang dan pada bagian permulaan daripada malam.”
— QS. Hud: 114
Ayat ini menjadi salah satu dasar pembahasan mengenai waktu Magrib dan Isya, khususnya bagian awal malam.
5. Lima waktu juga dikaitkan dengan QS. Ar-Rum: 17–18
Allah berfirman:
“Maka bertasbihlah kepada Allah di waktu kamu berada di petang hari dan di waktu kamu berada di pagi hari. Dan bagi-Nya segala puji di langit dan di bumi dan di waktu kamu berada pada petang hari dan di waktu kamu berada di tengah hari.”
— QS. Ar-Rum: 17–18
Ayat ini menyebut beberapa rentang waktu: pagi, petang, malam, dan tengah hari, yang oleh para mufasir dikaitkan dengan waktu-waktu ibadah dan salat.
Lalu dari mana kita mengetahui salat itu lima waktu?
Di sinilah Sunnah Nabi Muhammad ﷺ mempunyai peran penting.
Al-Qur’an memberikan perintah:
“Dirikanlah salat.”
Al-Qur’an juga memberikan petunjuk mengenai waktunya.
Sementara itu, Nabi Muhammad ﷺ memberikan contoh dan penjelasan praktis mengenai pelaksanaan salat, termasuk waktu dan jumlah rakaatnya.
Lima salat wajib yang dikenal dalam Islam adalah:
| Salat | Jumlah rakaat wajib |
|---|---|
| Subuh | 2 |
| Zuhur | 4 |
| Asar | 4 |
| Magrib | 3 |
| Isya | 4 |
| Total | 17 rakaat |
6. Hadis tentang lima salat
Salah satu hadis yang sangat jelas adalah hadis ketika Nabi ﷺ mengutus Mu’adz bin Jabal ke Yaman. Nabi ﷺ menjelaskan bahwa Allah mewajibkan kepada mereka lima salat dalam sehari semalam.
Hadis ini diriwayatkan dalam Sahih al-Bukhari dan Sahih Muslim.
Jadi, secara sederhana:
Al-Qur’an → menetapkan kewajiban salat dan memberikan petunjuk waktunya.
Sunnah Nabi ﷺ → menjelaskan secara rinci praktik salat, termasuk lima waktu dan jumlah rakaatnya.
Kesimpulan
Jadi, kalau ada yang bertanya:
“Apakah lima waktu salat ada di Al-Qur’an?”
Jawaban yang paling tepat adalah:
Al-Qur’an tidak menyebut dalam satu ayat secara eksplisit daftar “Subuh, Zuhur, Asar, Magrib, Isya” sebagai lima salat wajib beserta jumlah rakaatnya. Namun Al-Qur’an memerintahkan salat dan menyebut berbagai waktu salat. Penetapan dan penjelasan rinci mengenai lima salat wajib berasal dari Sunnah Nabi ﷺ, yang menjadi penjelas bagi Al-Qur’an.
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