Benarkah Telur Sebagai Bahan Perekat Untuk Membangun Candi Jaman Kuno?

Sejarah·

Kita sering mendengar cerita bahwa nenek moyang kita ketika membangun candi menggunakan putih telur sebagai perekat batu candi karena pada waktu itu belum ditemukan bahan perekan semen.

Cerita ini  kita dengar bukan hanya pada bangunan candi saja yang di klaim demikian, tapi juga pada bangunan lain contohnya istana Air Taman Sari Yogyakarta juga konon menggunakan telur putih. Tapi apakah benar candi sekokoh Borobudur menggunakan telur putih merupakan bahan pengganti semen?

Praktik mencampur bahan organik ke dalam campuran semen atau mortar sepertinya bukanlah hal yang aneh. Praktik ini bahkan terkadang masih dilakukan dan didiskusikan oleh berbagai peneliti. Bahan organik yang dicampur pun juga beragam, mulai dari telur, lemak hewan bahkan ada yang bilang bahwa tembok Cina dibangun dengan bantuan ketan (sticky rice) dan putih telur.

Sebelumnya perlu teman cerita pahami bahwa dalam dunia konstruksi, perekat antara bata atau batu disebut sebagai mortar atau spesi. Biasanya bahan ini merupakan campuran dari pasir, semen, dan air. Mortar digunakan untuk merekatkan benda seperti bata atau batu.

Kembali ke cerita telur, entah siapa yang memulai cerita penggunaan telur putih sebagai perekat batu candi. Namun, ternyata cerita ini bukan saja ditemukan di bangunan candi                                                                                                                                                                                                        Indonesia. Beberapa negara lain di Asia dan Eropa juga memiliki cerita bahwa bangunan tua mereka dibangun dengan bantuan putih telur.

Salah satu fenomena ini dapat kita temui  di Filipina. Legend says, bangunan gereja-gereja tua di Filipina dibangun dengan mortar yang memiliki campuran putih telur. Praktik ini dibawa oleh orang-orang Spanyol saat datang ke Filipina.

Sebuah penelitian pernah dilakukan untuk membuktikan bahwa apakah benar mortar pada bangunan-bangunan tua di Filipina memiliki elemen protein dari telur, sayangnya hasil penelitian tersebut negatif (Eusebio, 2009). Namun, dokumen-dokumen sejarah mengindikasikan adanya penggunaan telur dalam jumlah besar dalam sebuah renovasi gereja di Filipina (Jose, 1986; 2003).

Secara teori, telur sebagai campuran mortar bertujuan untuk menghambat penguapan air. Telur mengikat air agar bertahan dengan semen selama mungkin agar tidak cepat mengering. Putih telur juga dapat meningkatkan konsistensi, kekompakan, daya tahan dan mengurangi risiko retak pada mortar. 

Batu Candi Bukan Direkatkan dengan Putih Telur

Dari beberapa contoh dapat kita ketahui bahwa putih telur pada dasarnya merupakan zat aditif bukan zat utama. Konstruksi asli candi umumnya tidak menggunakan bahan mortar sebagai perekatnya.

Hal ini dapat kita lihat di Candi Borobudur. Mortar di Candi Borobudur baru digunakan pada proses pemugaran yang dilakukan oleh Van Erp pada tahun 1907-1911. Pada saat itu kondisi konstruksi Candi Borobudur memprihatinkan. Air akan muncul dari sela-sela batuan ketika turun hujan sehingga bisa menyebabkan air menggenang. Van Erp kemudian menggunakan mortar untuk mengatasi hal tersebut.

Batu – batu candi akan dipahat sedemikian rupa sehingga batu akan saling mengisi dan mengunci satu sama lain. Dalam buku Kearsitektural Candi Borobudur yang disusun Balai Konservasi Peninggalan Borobudur disebutkan bahwa pada Candi Borobudur batuan andesit ditata dengan pola susun batu arah horizontal. Jenis sambungan batu yang ada pada Candi Borobudur ada empat yaitu:

Pertama, sambungan batu dengan bentuk seperti ekor burung. Sambungan tipe ini dijumpai hampir pada setiap sambungan batu di dinding.

Teknik yang digunakan pada candi dengan bahan bata agak sedikit berbeda. Perekat pada candi yang dibangun dengan bata menggunakan serbuk hasil gosokan permukaan antar bata. Serbuk ini kemudian diberi air sehingga dapat membuat bata saling melekat.

Sebuah candi tidaklah dibangun dengan asal-asalan. Semua dibuat dengan perhitungan yang presisi. Layaknya sebuah lego, satu per satu batu candi disusun sedemikian rupa sehingga bisa berdiri kokoh. Bangunan candi menjadi bukti kemahiran dan kejeniusan bangsa kita sehingga harus tetap kita jaga dan lestarikan. Mari kunjungi, lindungi, dan lestarikan cagar budaya yang ada di sekitar kita.

Sumber : https://skalacerita.com

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  213. Have you ever considered about including a little bit more than just your articles? I mean, what you say is fundamental and all. However just imagine if you added some great visuals or video clips to give your posts more, “pop”! Your content is excellent but with images and clips, this website could certainly be one of the most beneficial in its niche. Wonderful blog!

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